The Positive Philosophy of
August Comte Vol.2
Harriet Martineau (Translated)
Format PDF 23.99 MB
Pages 582
Harriet Martineau (Translated)
Format PDF 23.99 MB
Pages 582
BOOK VI.
SOCIAL PHYSICS.
CHAPTER I.
NECESSITY
AND OPPORTUNENESS OF THIS NEW SCIENCE.
Proposal of the subject 2
Conditions of Order and Progress 3
The theological polity 5
Criterion of social doctrine 6
Failure of the Theological polity 7
The Metaphysical polity 10
Becomes obstructive 12
Dogma of Liberty of Conscience 13
Dogma of Equality 16
Dogma of the Sovereignty of the People
17
Dogma of National Independence 18
Inconsistency of the Metaphysical
doctrine 18
Motion of a state of Nature 19
Adhesion to the worn-out 20
Recurrence to war 21
Principle of Political Centralization
22
The Stationary doctrine 25
Dangers of the critical period 28
Intellectual anarchy 28
Destruction of public morality 30
Private morality 31
Political corruption 31
Low aims of political questions 36
Fatal to Progress 37
Fatal to Order 38
Incompetence of political leaders 39
Advent of the Positive Philosophy 41
Logical coherence of the doctrine 42
Its effect on Order 44
Its effect on Progress 46
Anarchical tendencies of the
scientific class 50
Conclusion 51
CHAPTER II.
PRINCIPAL
PHILOSOPHICAL ATTEMPTS TO CONSTITUTE A SOCIAL SCIENCE
History of Social Science 52
Aristotle's " Politics" 55
Montesquieu 56
Condorcet 58
Political economy 60
Growth of historical study 65
CHAPTER III.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE POSITIVE METHOD IN ITS APPLICATION TO SOCIAL PHENOMENA.
Infantile state of social science 68
The Relative superseding the Absolute 69
Presumptuous character of the existing
political spirit 7 1
Prevision of social phenomena 73
Spirit of Social Science 74
Statical study 75
Social Organization . 75
Political and social concurrence 77
Interconnection of the social organism
79
Order of statical study 82
Dynamical study 83
Social continuity 83
Produced by natural laws 84
Notion of Human perfectibility 87
limits of political action 89
Social phenomena modifiable , 90
Order of modifying influences 92
Means of Investigation in Social
Science 95
Direct Means 96
Observation 96
Experiment 100
Comparison 101
Comparison, with inferior animals 102
Comparison of co-existing states of
society 103
Comparison of consecutive states 105
Promise of a fourth method of
investigation 110
CHAPTER IV.
RELATION
OF SOCIOLOGY TO THE OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY.
Relation to Biology 112
Relation to Inorganic philosophy 115
Man's action on the external world 118
Necessary Education 119
Mathematical preparation 119
Pretended theory of chances 120
Reaction of Sociology 121
As to doctrine 122
As to Method 123
Speculative rank of Sociology 125
CHAPTER V.
SOCIAL
STATICS, OR THEORY OF THE SPONTANEOUS ORDER OF HUMAN SOCIETY
Three aspects 127
1. The Individual 127
2. The Family 132
The Sexual relation 131
The Parental relation 137
3. Society 110
Distribution of employments 142
Inconveniences 143
Basis of the true theory of government
144
Elementary subordination 145
Tendency of society to government 147
CHAPTER VI.
SOCIAL
DYNAMICS; OE THEORY OF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
Scientific view of Human Progression
149
Course of Man's social development 150
Rate of progress 151
Duration of human life 152
Increase of Population 154
The order of evolution 156
Law of the Three Periods 158
The Theological period 159
Intellectual influence of t h e
Theological philosophy 161
Social influences of t h e Theological
philosophy 164
Institution of a speculative class 166
The Positive state . 167
Attempted union of the two
philosophies 168
The Metaphysical Period 171
Co-existence of the three Periods in the
same mind 173
Corresponding material development 173
Primitive military life 174
Primitive Slavery 175
The Military regime provisional
175
Affinity between t h e Theological and
Military regime 176
Affinity between the Positive and
Industrial spirit 178
Intermediate regime 180
CHAPTER VII.
PREPARATION
OF THE HISTORICAL QUESTION - FIRST THEOLOGICAL
PHASE
: FETICHISM.—BEGINNING OF THE THEOLOGICAL AND MILITARY SYSTEM
Limitations of the analysis 181
Abstract treatment of History 183
Abstract inquiry into laws 184
Co-existence of successive states 185
Fetichism 186
Startiug-point of the human race 186
Relation of Fetichism to Morals 190
To Language 190
To Intellect 191
To Society 192
Astrolatry 193
Relation of Fetichism to human
knowledge 191
To the fine arts 195
To Industry 195
Political influence 197
Institution of Agriculture 199
Protection to products 200
Transition to Polytheism 202
The Metaphysical spirit traceable 205
CHAPTER VIII.
SECOND
PHASE : POLYTHEISM.—DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEOLOGICAL
AND
MILITARY SYSTEM.
True sense of Polytheism 208
Its operation on the human Mind 209
Polytheistic Science 210
Polytheistic Art 213
Polytheistic Industry 220
Social attributes of Polytheism 221
Polity of Polytheism 221
Worship 223
Civilization by War 223
Sacerdotal sanctions 225
Two characteristics of the polity 226
Slavery 226
Concentration of spiritual and
temporal power 228
Morality of Polytheism 231
Moral effects of Slavery 231
Subordination of morality to polity
232
Personal morality 234
Social morality 234
Domestic morality 235
Three phases of Polytheism 236
The Egyptian, or theocratic 237
Caste 237
The Greek, or intellectual 241
Science 243
Philosophy 245
The Roman, or Military 246
Conquest 248
Morality 249
Intellectual development 249
Preparation for monotheism 250
The Jews . 253
CHAPTER IX.
AGE
OF MONOTHEISM. MODIFICATION OP THE THEOLOGICAL AND MILITARY SYSTEM.
Catholicism, the form 256
Principle of political rule 257
The great problem 260
Separation of spiritual and temporal
power 261
Function of each 263
The speculative class 263
The Catholic system 264
Ecclesiastical organization 266
E lective principle 266
Monastic Institutions 267
Special education of the elergy 267
Restriction of inspiration 268
Ecclesiastical celibacy 269
Temporal sovereignty of the Popes 270
Educational function 272
Dogmatic conditions 274
Dogma of exclusive salvation 275
Of the Fall of Man 276
Of Purgatory 276
Of Christ 's divinity 276
Of the Real Presence 277
"Worship 277
Significance of controversies 277
Temporal organization of the regime 278
The Germanic invasions 278
Rise of Defensive system 279
Of territorial independenc e 280
Slavery converted into serfage 281
Intervention of the Church throughout 281
Institution of chivalry 283
Operation of the Feudal system 284
Moral aspect of the regime 284
Rise of Morality over Polity 285
Source of moral influence of
Catholicism 286
Moral types 289
Personal morality under Catholicism
290
Domestic 291
Social 292
Intellectual aspect of the regime 294
Philosophy 295
Science 296
Art 297
Industry 298
Provisional nature of the regime 299
Division between Natural and Moral
philosophy 300
The Metaphysical spirit 300
Temporal decline 302
Conclusion 303
CHAPTER X.
METAPHYSICAL
STATE, AND CRITICAL PERIOD OF MODERN SOCIETY.
Conduct of the inquiry 304
Necessity of a transitional state 305
Its commencement 306
Division of the critical period 308
Causes of spontaneous decline 308
Decline under negative doctrine 310
Character of the provisional
philosophy 311
Christian period of the doctrine 312
Deistical period 312
Organs of the doctrine 314
Scholasticism 315
The Legists 316
Period of spontaneous spiritual
decline 317
Spontaneous temporal decline 319
True character of the Reformation 321
The Jesuits 323
Final decay of Catholicism 324
Vices of Protestantism 325
Temporal dictatorship 326
Royal and Aristocratic 327
Rise of Ministerial function 329
Military decline 330
Eise of Diplomatic function 332
Intellectual influence of Protestantism
333
Catholic share in Protestant results
336
Jansenism -Quietism 336
Moral Influence of Protestantism . .
337
Three stages of dissolution 339
Lutheranism 339
Calvinism 339
Socinianism 339
Quakerism 340
Political revolutions of Protestantism
340
Holland ; England; America 340, 341
Attendant errors 342
Subjection of spiritual power 342
Moral.changes under Protestantism 344
Stage of full development of the
Critical doctrine 345
Protestantism opposed to progress 346
The negative philosophy 347
Three periods of the negative
philosophy 349
Systematized 350
Hobbes 350
Its intellectual character 350
Its moral character 351
Its political character 352
Its propagation 353
School of Voltaire 353
Its political action 358
School of Rousseau 358
The Economists
Attendant evils
CHAPTER XI.
RISE
OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE POSITIVE STATE.— PREPARATION FOR SOCIAL REORGANIZATION
Date of modern history 363
Rise of new, elements 364
Philosophical order of employments 365
Classifications 366
Order of succession 367
THE INDUSTRIAL MOVEMENT 369
Birth of political liberty 373
Characteristics of the Industrial
movement 374
Personal effect 374
Domestic effect 375
Social effect 376
Industrial policy 378
Relation to Catholicism 379
Relation to the temporal authority 379
Administration 380
Three periods 380
Paid armies 381
Rise of public credit 381
Political alliances 382
Mechanical inventions 382
The Compass ; Fire-arms ; Printing
382, 383
Maritime discovery 385
Second period 385
Colonial system 387
Slavery 388
Third period 389
Final subordination of the Military
spirit 389
Spread of Industry 390
THE INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT 392
The aesthetic development 392
Intellectual Originality 394
Relation of Art to Industry 396
Critical character of Art 398
Retrograde character 399
Relation of Art to politics 401
Spread of Art 404
The scientific development 405
New birth of science 406
Relation to Monotheism 407
Astrology; Alchemy 410
First modern phase of progress 412
Second phase 413
Filiation of discoveries 415
Relation of science to old philosophy
415
Galileo . 416
Social relations of science 417
Third phase 418
Relations of Discoveries 419
Stage of speciality 420
The philosophical development 421
Reason and Faith 421
Bacon and Descartes . 424
Political philosophy 427
The Scotch School 428
Political philosophy 428
Idea of Progression 429
Gaps to be supplied 430
In Industry 430
In Art 432
In Philosophy 432
In Science 433
Existing needs 433
CHAPTER XII.
REVIEW
OF THE REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS.—ASCERTAINMENT OF
THE
FINAL TENDENCY OF MODERN SOCIETY.
France first revolutionized 434
Precursory events 435
First stage The Constituent Assembly 436
Second stage .The National Convention
437
Alliance of foes 438
Constitutional attempt 441
Military ascendancy 441
Napoleon Bonaparte 442
Restoration of the Bourbons 444
Fall of the Bourbons 445
The next reign 446
Extension of the movement 447
Completion of t he Theological decay 448
Decay of the Military system 450
Recent Industrial progress 453
Recent Esthetic progress 454
Recent Scienti fic progress 455
Abuses 457
Recent Philosophical progress 462
The law of evolution 465
Speculative preparation
The spiritual authority
Its Educational function
Regeneration of Morality
International duty
Basis of Assent
The Temporal authority
Public and private function
Principle of co-ordination
Speculative classes highest
The Practical classes
Privileges and compensations
Practical privacy
Practical freedom
Popular claims
Reciprocal effects
Preparatory stage
Promotion of Order and Progress
National participation
France ; Italy ; Germany ; England;
Spain
Co-operation of Thinkers
Summary of results under the
Sociological theory
CHAPTER XIII
FINAL
ESTIMATE OF TIIE POSITIVE METHOD.
Principle of Unity
Which element shall prevail
First general Conclusion
The Mathematical element .
The Sociological element
Solves antagonisms
Spirit of the Method .
Nature of the Method
Inquiry into laws
Accordance with common sense
Conception of Natural laws
Logical method .
Scientific method
Stability of opinions .
Destination of the Method .
The Individual 52
TheEace 521
Speculative life 522
Practical life 523
Liberty of method 524
Extension of the positive method 525
Abstract of concrete Science 526
Relations of phases 528
Mathematics 528
Astronomy 529
Physics and Chemistry 530
Biology 531
Sociology 532
CHAPTER XIV.
ESTIMATE
OF THE BESULTS OF POSITIVE DOCTRINE IN ITS PREPARATORY STAGE
The Mathematical element 536
Application to Sociology 537
The Astronomical element 539
The Physical 540
The Chemical 542
The Biological 543
The Sociological 545
CHAPTER XV.
ESTIMATE
OF THE FINAL ACTION OF THE POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY.
The scientific action 549
Abstract speculation 550
Concrete research 551
The moral action 552
Personal morality 553
Domestic morality 554
Social morality 554
Political action
Double government
Thes
Esthetic action 550
The Five Nations 561
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