THE
MUQADDIMAH
Abd Ar Rahman bin Muhammed ibn
Khaldun
Translated by Franz Rosenthal
Pages : 1252
PDF Format 7.45 MB
Introductory material
Introductory material of Book
One,
Kitab al 'Ibar
Preliminary Remarks
Chapter
I
Human
civilization in general
FIRST PREFATORY DISCUSSION
SECOND PREFATORY DISCUSSION: The
parts of the earth where civilizationis found. Some information about oceans,
rivers, and zones
THIRD PREFATORY DISCUSSION: The
temperate and the intemperate zones.The influence of the air upon the color of
human beings and upon many otheraspects of their condition
FOURTH PREFATORY DISCUSSION: The
influence of the air (climate) uponhuman character
FIFTH PREFATORY DISCUSSION:
Differences with regard toabundance andscarcity of food in the various inhabited
regions ('umran) and how they affectthe human body and character
SIXTH PREFATORY DISCUSSION: The
various types of human beings whohave supernatural perception either through
natural disposition or throughexercise, preceded by a discussion of inspiration
and dream visions
Chapter
II
Bedouin
civilization, savage nations and tribes and their conditionsof life, including
several basic and explanatory statements
1 Both Bedouins and sedentary
people are natural groups
2 The Arabs are a natural group in
the world
3 Bedouins are prior to sedentary
people. The desert is the basis and reservoirof civilization and cities
4 Bedouins are closer to being
good than sedentary people
5 Bedouins are more disposed to
courage than sedentary people
6 The reliance of sedentary people
upon laws destroys their fortitude andpower of resist
7 Only tribes held together by group
feeling can live in the desert
8 Group feeling result's only Porn
blood relationship or somethingcorresponding to it
9 Purity of lineage is found only
among the savage Arabs of the desert andother such people
10 How lineages become confused
11 Leadership over people who
share in a given group feeling can not be vestedin those not of the same
descent
12 Only those who share in the
group feeling of a group can have a "house" andnobility in the basic
sense and in reality, while others have it only in ametaphorical and figurative
sense
13 "House" and nobility
come to clients and followers only through theirmasters and not through their
own descent
14 Prestige lasts at best four
generations in one lineage
15 Savage nations are better able
to achieve superiority than others
16 The goal to which group feeling
leads is royal authority
17 Obstacles on the way toward
royal authority are luxury and the submergenceof the tribe in a life of
prosperity
18 Meekness and docility to
outsiders that may come to be found in a tribe areobstacles on the way toward
royal authority
19 A sign of the qualification of
an individual for royal authority is his eagerdesire to acquire praiseworthy
qualities, and vice versa
20 While a nation is savage, its
royal authority extends farther
21 As long as a nation retains its
group feeling, royal authority that disappears in one branch will, of
necessity, pass to some other branch of the samenation
22 The vanquished always want to
imitate the victor in his distinctive mark(s),his dress, his occupation, and
all his other conditionsand customs
23 A nation that has been defeated
and come under the rule of another nationwill quickly perish
24 Arabs can gain control only
over fat territory
25 Places that succumb to the
Arabs are quickly ruined
26 Arabs can obtain royal
authority only by making use of some religiouscoloring, such as prophecy, or
sainthood, or some great religious event ingeneral
27 The Arabs are of all nations
the one most remote from royal leadership
28 Desert tribes and groups are
dominated by the urban population
Chapter
III
On
dynasties, royal authority, the caliphate, government ranks, andall that goes
with these things. The chapter contains basic andsupplementary propositions
1 Royal authority and large
dynastic power are attained only through a groupand group feeling
2 When a dynasty
is firmly established, it can dispense with group feeling
3 Members of a
royal family may be able to found a dynasty that can dispensewith group feeling
4 Dynasties of
wide power and large royal authority have their origin inreligion based either
on prophecy or on truthful propaganda
5 Religious
propaganda gives a dynasty at its beginning another power inaddition to that of
the group feeling it possessed as the result of the numberof its supporters
6 Religious
propaganda cannot materialize without group feeling
7 Each dynasty
has a certain amount of provinces and lands, and no more
8 The greatness
of a dynasty, the extent of its territory, and the length of itsduration depend
upon the numerical strength of its supporters
9 A dynasty
rarely establishes itself firmly in lands with many different tribesand groups
10 By its very
nature, the royal authority claims all glory for itself and goes infor luxury
and prefers tranquility and quiet
11When the
natural tendencies of the royal authority to claim all glory for itselfand to
obtain luxury and tranquility have been firmly established, thedynasty
approaches senility
12 Dynasties have
a natural life span like individuals
13 The transition
of dynasties from desert life to sedentary culture
14 Luxury will at
first give additional strength to a dynasty
15 The stages of
dynasties. How the desert attitude differs among the people inthe different
stages
16 The monuments
of a given dynasty are proportionate to its original power
17 The ruler
seeks the help of clients and followers against the men of his ownpeople and
group feeling
18 The situation
of clients and followers in dynasties
19 Seclusion of,
and control over, the ruler (by others) may occur in dynasties
20 Those who gain
power over the ruler do not share with him in the specialtitle that goes with
royal authority
21 The true
character and different kinds of royal authority
22 Exaggerated
harshness is harmful to royal authority and in most cases causesits destruction
23 The meaning of
caliphate and imamate
24 The
differences of Muslim opinion concerning the laws and conditionsgoverning the
caliphate
25 Shi'ah tenets
concerning the question of the imamate
26 The
transformation of the caliphate into royal authority
27 The meaning of
the oath of allegiance
28 The succession
29 The functions
of the religious institution of the caliphate
30 The title of
"Commander of the Faithful," which is characteristic of thecaliph
31 Remarks on the
words "Pope" and "Patriarch" in the Christian religion
andon the word " Kohen" used by the Jews
32 The ranks of
royal and governmental authority and the titles that go withthose ranks.
The wazirate. The
office of doorkeeper (hijabah). The ministry(diwan) of financial operations and
taxation. The ministry (diwan) of officialcorrespondence and writing. The
police. The admiralty.
33 The different
importance of the ranks of "the sword" and "the pen" in
thevarious dynasties
34 The
characteristic emblems of royal and government authority. The
"outt"(alah). The throne (sarir). The mint. The seal. The tiraz.
Large tents and tentwalls. The prayer enclosure (maggurah) and the prayer
during the Fridaysermon.
35 Wars and the
methods of waging war practiced by the various nations
36 Taxation and
the reason for low and high tax revenues
37 In the later
years of dynasties, customs duties are levied
38 Commercial
activity on the part of the ruler is harmful to his subjects andruinous to the
tax revenue
39 The ruler and
his entourage are wealthy only in the middle period of thedynasty
40 Curtailment of
the allowances given by the ruler implies curtailment of the tax revenue
41 Injustice
brings about the ruin of civilization
42 How it happens
that access to the ruler becomes restricted in the dynasty.Such restriction
becomes important when the dynasty grows senile
43 The division
of one dynasty into two
44 Once senility
has come upon a dynasty, it cannot be made to disappear
45 How
disintegration befalls dynasties
46 The authority
of the dynasty at first expands to its limit and then is narroweddown in
successive stages, until the dynasty dissolves and disappears
47 How a new dynasty
originates
48 A new dynasty
gains domination over the ruling dynasty throughperseverance, and not through
sudden action
49 There is an
abundant civilization (large population) at the end of dynasties,and
pestilences and famines frequently occur then
50 Human
civilization requires political leadership for its organization
51 The Fatimid.
The opinions of the people about him. The truthabout thematter. Sufi opinions
about the Mahdi,
52 Forecasting
the future of dynasties and nations, including a discussion ofpredictions
(malabim) and an exposition of the subject called "divination"(jafr)
Chapter IV
Countries
and cities, and all other forms of sedentary civilization.The conditions
occurring there. Primary and secondaryconsiderations in this connection
1 Dynasties are prior to towns and
cities. Towns and cities are secondaryproducts of royal authority
2 Royal authority calls for urban
settlement
3 Only a strong royal authority is
able to construct large cities and highmonuments
4 Very large monuments are not
built by one dynasty alone
5 Requirements for the planning of
towns and the consequences of neglectingthose requirements
6 The mosques and venerated
buildings of the world
7 There are few cities and towns
in Ifriqiyah and the Maghrib
8 The buildings and constructions
in Islam are comparatively few consideringIslam's power and as compared to the
dynasties preceding Islam
9 Buildings erected by Arabs, with
very few exceptions, quickly fall into ruins
10 The beginnings of the ruin of
cities
11 With regard to the amount of
prosperity and business activity in them, citiesand towns differ in accordance
with the different size of their civilization(population)
12 Prices in towns
13 Bedouins are unable to settle
in a city with a large civilization (population)
14 Differences with regard to prosperity
and poverty are the same in countriesas in cities
15 The accumulation of estates and
farms in cities. Their uses and yields
16 Capitalists among the
inhabitants of cities need rank and protection
17 Sedentary culture in cities
comes from the dynasties. It is firmly rootedwhen the dynasty is continuous and
firmly rooted
18 Sedentary culture is the goal
of civilization. It means the end of its life spanand brings about its
corruption
19 Cities that are the seats of
royal authority fall into ruins when the rulingdynasty falls into ruins and
crumbles
20 Certain cities have crafts that
others lack
21 The existence of group feeling
in cities and the superiority of some of theinhabitants over others
22 The dialects of the urban
population
Chapter
V
On
the various aspects of making a living, such as profit and thecrafts. The
conditions that occur in this connection. A number ofproblems are connected
with this subject
1 The real meaning and explanation
of sustenance and profit. Profit is the valuerealized from human labor
2 The various ways, means, and
methods of making a living
3 Being a servant is not a natural
way of making a living
4 Trying to make money from buried
and other treasures is not a natural way ofmaking a living
5 Ranks are useful in securing
property
6 Happiness and profit are
achieved mostly by people who are obsequious anduse flattery. Such character
disposition is one of the reasons for happiness
7 Persons who are in charge of
offices dealing with religious matters, such asjudge, mufti, teacher, prayer
leader, preacher, muezzin, and the like, are notas a rule very wealthy
8 Agriculture is a way of making a
living for weak people and Bedouins insearch of subsistence
9 The meaning, methods, and
different kinds of commerce
10 The transportation of goods by
merchants
11 Hoarding
12 Continued low prices are
harmful to merchants who have to trade at lowprices
13 The kind of people who should
practice commerce, and those who should not
14 The character qualities of
merchants are inferior to those of leadingpersonalities and remote from
manliness
15 The crafts require teachers
16 The crafts are perfected only
if there exists a large and perfect sedentarycivilization
17 The crafts are firmly rooted in
a city only when sedentary culture is firmlyrooted and of long duration
18 Crafts can improve and increase
only when many people demand them
19 The crafts recede from cities
that are close to ruin
20 The Arabs, of all people, are
least familiar with crafts
21 The person who has gained the
habit of a particular craft is rarely ableafterwards to master another
22 A brief enumeration of the
basic crafts
23 The craft of agriculture
24 The craft of architecture
25 The craft of carpentry
26 The craft of weaving and
tailoring
27 The craft of midwifery
28 The craft of medicine, The
craft of medicine is needed in settled areas andcities but not in the desert
29 Calligraphy, the art of
writing, is one of the human crafts
30 The craft of book production
31 The craft of singing and music
32 The crafts, especially writing
and calculation, give intelligence to the person who practices them
Chapter
VI
The
various kinds of sciences. The methods of instruction. Theconditions that
obtain in these connections. The chapter includes aprefatory
discussion and appendices
Concluding Remarks
Selected Bibliography,
Walter J. Fischel
1 Man's ability to think
2 The world of the things that
come into being as the result of action,materializes through thinking
3 The experimental intellect and
how it comes into being
4 The sciences (knowledge) of
human beings and the sciences (knowledge) ofangels
5 The sciences (knowledge) of the
prophets
6 Man is essentially ignorant, and
becomes learned through acquiringknowledge
7 Scientific instruction is a
craft
8 The sciences are numerous only
where civilization is large and sedentaryculture highly developed
9 The various sciences that exist
in contemporary civilization
10 The Qur'anic sciences of Qur'an
interpretation and Qur'an reading Qur'an interpretation
11 The sciences concerned with
Prophetic traditions
12 Jurisprudence and its
subdivision, inheritance laws B The science ofinheritance laws
13 The science of the principles
of jurisprudence and its subdivisions, dialecticsand controversial questions
14 The science of speculative
theology
15 An exposition of ambiguity in
the Quran and the Sunnah and of the resultingdogmatic schools among both the
orthodox and the innovators
16 The science of Sufism
17 The science of dream interpretation
18 The various kinds of
intellectual sciences
19 The sciences concerned with
numbers. The craft of calculation. Algebra.Business arithmetic. Inheritance
laws
20 The geometrical sciences.
Spherical, figures, conic sections, and mechanics. -Surveying. Optics.
21 Astronomy. Astronomical tables
22 The science of logic
23 Physics
24 The science of medicine
25 The science of agriculture
26 The science of metaphysics
27 The sciences of sorcery and
talismans. The evil eye
28 The science of the secrets of
letters. The Za'irajah. On learning hidden secrets from letter connections
29 The science of alchemy
30 A refutation of philosophy. The
corruption of the students of philosophy
31 A refutation of astrology. The
weakness of its achievements. The harmfulnessof its goal
32 A denial of the effectiveness
of alchemy. The impossibility of its existence.The harm that arises from
practicing it
33 The purposes that must be kept
in mind in literary composition and that
aloneare to be considered valid
34 The great number of scholarly
works available is an obstacle on the path toattaining scholarship
35 The great number of brief
handbooks available on scholarly subjects isdetrimental to the process of
instruction
36 The right attitude in scientific
instruction and toward the method of givingsuch instruction
37 Study of the auxiliary sciences
should not be prolonged, and their problemsshould not be treated in detail
38 The instruction of children and
the different methods employed in the Muslimcities
39 Severity to students does them harm
40 A scholar's education is
greatly improved by traveling in quest of knowledgeand meeting the
authoritative teachers of his time
41 Scholars are, of all people,
those least familiar with the ways of politics
42 Most of the scholars in Islam
have been non-Arabs (Persians)
43 A person whose first language
was not Arabic finds it harder than the nativespeaker of Arabic to acquire the
sciences
44 The sciences concerned with the
Arabic language 319 Grammar, 320. - Thescience of lexicography, 325. - The
science of syntax and style and literarycriticism, 332. - The science of
literature,
45 Language is a technical habit
46 Contemporary Arabic is an
independent language different from thelanguages of the Mudar and the Himyar
47 The language of the sedentary
and urban population is an independentlanguage d fferent from the language of
the Mudar
48 Instruction in the Mudar language
49 The habit of the Mudar language
is different from Arabic philology and candispense with it in the process of
instruction
50 The interpretation and real
meaning of the word "taste" according to thetechnical terminology of
literary critics. An explanation of why Arabicizednon-Arabs as a rule do not
have it
51 The urban population is in
general d fcient in obtaining the linguistic habitthat results from
instruction. The more remote urban people are from theArabic language, the more
difficult it is for them to obtain it
52 The division of speech into
poetry and prose
53 The ability to write both good
poetry and good prose is only very rarelyfound together in one person
54 The craft of poetry and the way
of learning it
55 Poetry and prose work with
words, and not with ideas
56 The linguistic habit is
obtained by much. memorizing. The good quality ofthe linguistic habit is the
result of the good quality of the memorized material
57 An explanation of the meaning
of natural and contrived speech. Howcontrived speech may be either good or de
cient
58 People of rank are above
cultivating poetry
59 Contemporary Arab poetry,
Bedouin and urban The Spanish muwashshabahsand zajals
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar